How Medical Marijuana Helps AIDS Patients

 Medical Marijuana is very popular among patients with AIDS, with one of the main reasons being that it is able to soothe a variety of the disease symptoms. It can soothe pain, stimulate appetite, and calm nausea.

HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a disease that attacks the immune system. The disease can lead to painful nerve damage, depression, anxiety, opportunistic infections, nausea, vomiting, and significant weight loss.

Recent combination medical therapy has advanced to the point where AIDS patients live longer and the disease is more of a chronic disorder than a rapidly fatal one. This is part of the wonders of modern medicine, although the real wonder will be when the disease is simply eradicated! These medications have two effects: One is that they give patients hope, the second is they make patients sick. Nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, and appetite loss turn into a way of life that simply has to be tolerated. Or does it?

Antiviral medications, called protease inhibitors, are effective at controlling the progression of HIV. They also produce nausea and vomiting that is very similar to that experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Nausea and appetite can lead to cachexia in AIDS patients, which is termed wasting and leads to loss of lean body mass. In 1986 the FDA approved Marinol for weight loss from AIDS along with treating nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy. For individuals with HIV, losing as little as 5% of their lean body mass can be life threatening.

AIDS wasting syndrome is defined by the CDC as involuntary loss of over ten percent of body weight, along with fever or diarrhea persisting for over 30 days. Having cachexia, which as mentioned is loss of lean body mass, does not just represent loss of muscle. Patients can lose liver tissue along with tissue from other heavily used and needed organs.

Traditional treatments for wasting include the medications Megace and Marinol (prescribed less often). People on Megace typically are able to increase food intake by 30%, but tend to gain fat over lean tissue mass. THC in the form of Marinol has been shown to increase appetite and maintain weight with slight side effects of dry mouth and slight psychological distress. It is difficult for patients to fine-tune the pill form dosage and also the THC orally is slow to act and slow to clear from one's body.

Mainly for these reasons, plenty of AIDS patients report better results with smoking marijuana. When smoking, patients can inhale just enough of the drug to alleviate symptoms. The effect is substantial, and the onset of appetite stimulation is quicker as well.

Marijuana intake definitely has its place for the treatment of weight loss and wasting from AIDS. This place may be in conjunction with testosterone or growth hormone to restore lean tissue and prevent its deterioration.

Along with assisting AIDS patients to be able to intake more food, marijuana can have a beneficial effect on pain. In the course of the disease, patients may suffer from neuropathic types of pain, which is a burning sensation of the skin usually starting in the hands and/or feet. Marijuana has been shown to work well for neuropathic pain.

In addition to this, patients with AIDS report that marijuana allows them to improve their mood. Giving a patient with AIDS, which is a devastating disease with numerous avenues of debilitation, a psychological lift while improving the symptoms of pain and appetite loss is a definite advantage when compared with singular medications who simply treat one symptom.

Marijuana definitely has its place in the treatment of AIDS patients. By being able to alleviate nausea, appetite loss, pain, and anxiety it covers numerous AIDS side effects well. And the intake of it by either smoking or vaporizing has been shown in small trials to give faster onset and the ability to dose easier than by taking it orally.

Introduction:

Cannabis is not only the most abused illicit drug in the United States (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; NIDA, 2010) it is in fact the most abused illegal drug worldwide (UNODC, 2010). In the United States it is a schedule-I substance which means that it is legally considered as having no medical use and it is highly addictive (US DEA, 2010). Doweiko (2009) explains that not all cannabis has abuse potential. He therefore suggests using the common terminology marijuana when referring to cannabis with abuse potential. For the sake of clarity this terminology is used in this paper as well.

Today, marijuana is at the forefront of international controversy debating the appropriateness of its widespread illegal status. In many Union states it has become legalized for medical purposes. This trend is known as "medical marijuana" and is strongly applauded by advocates while simultaneously loathed harshly by opponents (Dubner, 2007; Nakay, 2007; Van Tuyl, 2007). It is in this context that it was decided to choose the topic of the physical and pharmacological effects of marijuana for the basis of this research article.

What is marijuana?

Marijuana is a plant more correctly called cannabis sativa. As mentioned, some cannabis sativa plants do not have abuse potential and are called hemp. Hemp is used widely for various fiber products including newspaper and artist's canvas. Cannabis sativa with abuse potential is what we call marijuana (Doweiko, 2009). It is interesting to note that although widely studies for many years, there is a lot that researchers still do not know about marijuana. Neuroscientists and biologists know what the effects of marijuana are but they still do not fully understand why (Hazelden, 2005).

Deweiko (2009), Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs (2004) point out that of approximately four hundred known chemicals found in the cannabis plants, researchers know of over sixty that are thought to have psychoactive effects on the human brain. The most well known and potent of these is ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. Like Hazelden (2005), Deweiko states that while we know many of the neurophysical effects of THC, the reasons THC produces these effects are unclear.

Neurobiology:

As a psychoactive substance, THC directly affects the central nervous system (CNS). It affects a massive range of neurotransmitters and catalyzes other biochemical and enzymatic activity as well. The CNS is stimulated when the THC activates specific neuroreceptors in the brain causing the various physical and emotional reactions that will be expounded on more specifically further on. The only substances that can activate neurotransmitters are substances that mimic chemicals that the brain produces naturally. The fact that THC stimulates brain function teaches scientists that the brain has natural cannabinoid receptors. It is still unclear why humans have natural cannabinoid receptors and how they work (Hazelden, 2005; Martin, 2004). What we do know is that marijuana will stimulate cannabinoid receptors up to twenty times more actively than any of the body's natural neurotransmitters ever could (Doweiko, 2009).

Perhaps the biggest mystery of all is the relationship between THC and the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin receptors are among the most stimulated by all psychoactive drugs, but most specifically alcohol and nicotine. Independent of marijuana's relationship with the chemical, serotonin is already a little understood neurochemical and its supposed neuroscientific roles of functioning and purpose are still mostly hypothetical (Schuckit & Tapert, 2004). What neuroscientists have found definitively is that marijuana smokers have very high levels of serotonin activity (Hazelden, 2005). I would hypothesize that it may be this relationship between THC and serotonin that explains the "marijuana maintenance program" of achieving abstinence from alcohol and allows marijuana smokers to avoid painful withdrawal symptoms and avoid cravings from alcohol. The efficacy of "marijuana maintenance" for aiding alcohol abstinence is not scientific but is a phenomenon I have personally witnessed with numerous clients.

Interestingly, marijuana mimics so many neurological reactions of other drugs that it is extremely difficult to classify in a specific class. Researchers will place it in any of these categories: psychedelic; hallucinogen; or serotonin inhibitor. It has properties that mimic similar chemical responses as opioids. Other chemical responses mimic stimulants (Ashton, 2001; Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004). Hazelden (2005) classifies marijuana in its own special class - cannabinoids. The reason for this confusion is the complexity of the numerous psychoactive properties found within marijuana, both known and unknown. One recent client I saw could not recover from the visual distortions he suffered as a result of pervasive psychedelic use as long as he was still smoking marijuana. This seemed to be as a result of the psychedelic properties found within active cannabis (Ashton, 2001). Although not strong enough to produce these visual distortions on its own, marijuana was strong enough to prevent the brain from healing and recovering.

Emotions:

Cannibinoid receptors are located throughout the brain thus affecting a wide variety of functioning. The most important on the emotional level is the stimulation of the brain's nucleus accumbens perverting the brain's natural reward centers. Another is that of the amygdala which controls one's emotions and fears (Adolphs, Trane, Damasio, & Damaslio, 1995; Van Tuyl, 2007).

I have observed that the heavy marijuana smokers who I work with personally seem to share a commonality of using the drug to manage their anger. This observation has evidenced based consequences and is the basis of much scientific research. Research has in fact found that the relationship between marijuana and managing anger is clinically significant (Eftekhari, Turner, & Larimer, 2004). Anger is a defense mechanism used to guard against emotional consequences of adversity fueled by fear (Cramer, 1998). As stated, fear is a primary function controlled by the amygdala which is heavily stimulated by marijuana use (Adolphs, Trane, Damasio, & Damaslio, 1995; Van Tuyl, 2007).

Neurophysical Effects of THC:

Neurological messages between transmitters and receptors not only control emotions and psychological functioning. It is also how the body controls both volitional and nonvolitional functioning. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia control all bodily movement and coordination. These are two of the most abundantly stimulated areas of the brain that are triggered by marijuana. This explains marijuana's physiological effect causing altered blood pressure (Van Tuyl, 2007), and a weakening of the muscles (Doweiko, 2009). THC ultimately affects all neuromotor activity to some degree (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

An interesting phenomena I have witnessed in almost all clients who identify marijuana as their drug of choice is the use of marijuana smoking before eating. This is explained by effects of marijuana on the "CB-1" receptor. The CB-1 receptors in the brain are found heavily in the limbic system, or the nucleolus accumbens, which controls the reward pathways (Martin, 2004). These reward pathways are what affect the appetite and eating habits as part of the body's natural survival instinct, causing us to crave eating food and rewarding us with dopamine when we finally do (Hazeldon, 2005). Martin (2004) makes this connection, pointing out that unique to marijuana users is the stimulation of the CB-1 receptor directly triggering the appetite.

What is high grade and low grade?

A current client of mine explains how he originally smoked up to fifteen joints of "low grade" marijuana daily but eventually switched to "high grade" when the low grade was starting to prove ineffective. In the end, fifteen joints of high grade marijuana were becoming ineffective for him as well. He often failed to get his "high" from that either. This entire process occurred within five years of the client's first ever experience with marijuana. What is high and low grade marijuana, and why would marijuana begin to lose its effects after a while?

The potency of marijuana is measured by the THC content within. As the market on the street becomes more competitive, the potency on the street becomes more pure. This has caused a trend in ever rising potency that responds to demand. One average joint of marijuana smoked today has the equivalent THC potency as ten average joints of marijuana smoked during the 1960's (Hazelden, 2005).

THC levels will depend mainly on what part of the cannabis leaf is being used for production. For instance cannabis buds can be between two to nine times more potent than fully developed leaves. Hash oil, a form of marijuana developed by distilling cannabis resin, can yield higher levels of THC than even high grade buds (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

Tolerance:

The need to raise the amount of marijuana one smokes, or the need to intensify from low grade to high grade is known clinically as tolerance. The brain is efficient. As it recognizes that neuroreceptors are being stimulated without the neurotransmitters emitting those chemical signals, the brain resourcefully lowers its chemical output so the total levels are back to normal. The smoker will not feel the high anymore as his brain is now "tolerating" the higher levels of chemicals and he or she is back to feeling normal. The smoker now raises the dose to get the old high back and the cycle continues. The smoker may find switching up in grades effective for a while. Eventually the brain can cease to produce the chemical altogether, entirely relying on the synthetic version being ingested (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; Hazelden, 2005).

Why isn't there any withdrawal?

The flip side of the tolerance process is known as "dependence." As the body stops producing its own natural chemicals, it now needs the marijuana user to continue smoking in order to continue the functioning of chemicals without interruption. The body is now ordering the ingestion of the THC making it extremely difficult to quit. In fact, studies show that marijuana dependency is even more powerful than seemingly harder drugs like cocaine (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

With quitting other drugs like stimulants, opioids, or alcohol the body reacts in negative and sometimes severely dangerous ways. This is due to the sudden lack of chemical input tied together with the fact that the brain has stopped its own natural neurotransmission of those chemicals long ago. This is the phenomenon of withdrawal (Haney, 2004; Hazelden, 2005; Jaffe & Jaffe, 2004; Tabakoff & Hoffman, 2004).

While research has shown comparable withdrawal reactions is marijuana users as in alcohol or other drugs (Ashton, 2001), what I have witnessed many times in my personal interaction with clients is the apparent lack of withdrawal experienced by most marijuana users. Of course they experience cravings, but they don't report having the same neurophysical withdrawal reaction that the other drug users have. Some marijuana smokers use this as their final proof that marijuana "is not a drug" and they should therefore not be subjugated to the same treatment and pursuit of recovery efforts as other drug or alcohol abusers.

The reality is that the seemingly lack of acute withdrawal is a product of the uniqueness of how the body stores THC. While alcohol and other drugs are out of a persons system within a one to five days (Schuckit & Tapert, 2004), THC can take up to thirty days until it is fully expelled from the body (Doweiko, 2009). When THC is ingested by the smoker, it is initially distributed very rapidly through the heart, lungs, and brain (Ashton, 2001). THC however, is eventually converted into protein and becomes stored is body fat and muscle. This second process of storage in body fat reserve is a far slower process. When the user begins abstinence, fat stored THC begins its slow release back into the blood stream. While the rate of reentry into the body's system is too slow to produce any psychoactive effects, it will aid in easing the former smoker through the withdrawal process in a more manageable and pain free manner. The more one smokes the more one stores. The more body mass the smoker has, the more THC can be stored up as well (Doweiko, 2009). Thus, in very large clients I have seen it take up to thirty days before urine screens show a cleared THC level.

Similar to THC's slow taper like cleansing is the slow rate of initial onset of psychoactive response. Clients report that they do not get high smoking marijuana right away - it takes them time for their bodied to get used to it before they feel the high. This is explained by the slow absorption of THC into fatty tissue reaching peak concentrations in 4-5 days. As the THC begins to release slowly into the blood stream, the physiological response will become heightened rapidly with every new smoking of marijuana resulting in another high. As the user repeats this process and high levels of THC accumulate in the body and continue to reach the brain, the THC is finally distributed to the neocortical, limbic, sensory, and motor areas that were detailed earlier (Ashton, 2001).

Physiology:

The neurology and neurophysiology of marijuana has been described thus far. There are many physical components of marijuana smoking as well. National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010) reports that marijuana smokers can have many of the same respiratory problems as tobacco smokers including daily cough, phlegm production, more frequent acute chest illness, and a heightened risk of lung infections. They quote research showing evidence that chronic marijuana smokers, who do not smoke tobacco, have more health problems than non smokers because of respiratory illnesses.

The definitive research documenting the significant negative biophysical health effects of marijuana is not conclusive. We do know that marijuana smoke contains fifty to seventy percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco smoke does (Ashton, 2001; Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; NIDA, 2010). While some research shows that marijuana smokers show dysregulated growth of epithelial cells in their lung tissue which can lead to cancer, other studies have shown no positive associations at all between marijuana use and lung, upper respiratory, or upper digestive tract cancers (NIDA, 2010). Perhaps the most eye opening fact of all is that all experts agree that historically there has yet to be a single documented death reported purely as a result of marijuana smoking (Doweiko, 2009; Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; Nakaya, 2007; Van Tuyl, 2007).

Pharmacology - "Medical Marijuana":

This last fact regarding the seemingly less harmful effects of marijuana smoking even in comparison with legal drugs like alcohol and nicotine is most often the very first quoted by proponents of legalizing marijuana for its positive medical advantages (Dubner, 2007; Nakaya, 2007; Van Tuyl, 2007). Nakaya (2007) points to the seemingly positive effects of marijuana on alzheimers, cancer, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, and AIDS. While not scientific, personal experiences of the positive relief of sufferers from chronic illness is quoted as benefits that are claimed to outweigh the negative effects.

Van Tuyl (2007) states "almost all drugs - including those that are legal - pose greater threats to individual health and/or society than does marijuana." She agrees that legalizing the smoking of marijuana would not justify the positive effects but posits still that the risks associated with smoking can be "mitigated by alternate routes of administration, such as vaporization" (pg. 22-23). The arguments point to clinically riskier drugs like opioids, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines that are administered by prescription on a daily basis. These drugs, like Vicodine, Xanex, or Ritalin, are internationally acceptable when deemed "medically necessary."

Conclusion / Reflection:

While I am not comfortable weighing in on the controversy of the legalization of marijuana, in conclusion of this research paper there are clear implications for me as a practitioner. Alcohol too is quite legal, as is nicotine, but for the addiction counselor it is important to continue keeping a directive on the biopsychosocial considerations regarding the misuse of any substance. Because of the large lack of empirical knowledge regarding the neurobiological properties associated with exact brain functioning, a crucial focus moving forward will prove to be keeping tabs on breakthrough discoveries in the neuroscience of THC and other cannabanoids budtenderpharmdispensary.com. The discoveries of particular importance for current practice are the pathology of marijuana's relationship with emotional self-medication, tolerance, and most of all the withdrawal process. I have already begun to utilize the knowledge of the physical and pharmacological effects of marijuana expressed heretofore with personal success and look forward to continue utilizing farther research to do the same.

Strawberry Personal Lubricant

Are you looking to make your intimate moments more flavorful? Many couples choose to enhance their intimate moments with flavored personal lube. Remaining well lubricated during sex is important for a pleasant and enjoyable experience. Adding flavored lubricant to the mix stimulates the senses and makes oral pleasures that much more pleasurable. What is the best flavor for edible lubricants?

People Love Strawberry Flavor

The strawberry has been a favorite since ancient times. They were known to exist in Italy since 234 BC. Though wild American Indians were cultivating them in the 1600s, strawberries have been cultivated by settlers since the 1830s. Today, strawberries are one of America's favorite fruits.

Strawberry is the Best Edible Lubricant Flavor

How does this famous flavor fare when compared to other fruit flavors for personal lubricant? Strawberry is the most popular flavor by a landslide. In Google, Strawberry flavored personal lubricant has 48% of all searches for specific flavored lubricant. Cherry comes in second at 32%. These two flavors account for four fifths of all specific personal lubricant flavor searches combined.

What is the Best Strawberry Personal Lube?

Strawberry is the number one flavor for sex lube, but which strawberry sex lube is the best? There are several popular manufacturers of personal lubricant that also make flavored edible lubricant. The strongest names in the personal lubricant industry are Astroglide, Doc Johnson, ID Lubricants, System Jo and Wet international. These quality sex lube manufacturers each have excellent strawberry edible lubes.

Astroglide Has the Best Strawberry Lubricant

One of the most popular strawberry flavored lubricants is made from Astroglide. Of all manufacturers, Astroglide has the highest search volume when it comes to Strawberry lubricant. Another indicator of Astroglide's superiority -- it has the most reviews at buzzillions.com (a popular product review website). At buzzillions, Astroglide's strawberry lube has the highest positive reviews. Everyone there says the taste is great. From my personal experience, Astroglide is the winner for water-based edible strawberry flavored sex lubricant.

Are Flavored Lubricants really Edible?

Lubricants that are water-based and flavored are safe to digest in quantities that would be expected from tasting personal lubricant applied before engaging in oral sex. In general, all water-based lubricants are designed from materials that are safe to consume, but when a product is "flavored", it is certainly safe to eat. Do not be afraid if you swallow flavored lubricant during a sexual encounter -- it is perfectly safe.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Strawberry Flavored Sex Lube

Water-based lubricants have advantages over other sex lube types. They are considered safe to consume -- water-based lubricants are the only type of personal lubricant that are made into flavored edible lubricants. Being water-soluble, they are easy to wash. Strawberry flavored lubricants that are water-based can tend to get sticky as the water evaporates. This can be remedied by applying water to the lubricant, or by reapplication of the sex lube. Another disadvantage of water-based lubricants is that, being edible, they sometimes can feed yeast infections. Therefore, do not use them if you have had issues with recurring yeast infection.

Conclusion

Personal lubricant makes sex pleasant and enjoyable. Strawberry sex lube makes oral sex pleasant and enjoyable. If you would like to enhance your intimate time with flavored lubricant, try strawberry flavor! You cannot go wrong with the most popular flavor of sexual lubricant.

When it comes to industrial lubrication, it can often be the difference between premature machinery failure and an effective operating machine. In the world of industrial lubrication not all lubricants are created equal. Automotive bearing lubricants and industrial application lubricants vary. One of the most important and unique variations of lubrications comes in the form of food safe lubricants.

When packaging or handling food the potential of grease and oil leaks would cause a concern if traditional lubricants were used. With food grade lubricants, over lubrication, a spill during maintenance or a leak will not compromise the food or beverage product. Food, beverage and pharmaceutical companies should continually implement the highest quality non toxic food grade lubricants to ensure the safety of their products for consumers.

Challenges constantly face lubricant marketers, equipment designers and lubricant formulation engineers as they strive to keep consumers safe in case of an accidental contamination. Lubricants used in the food processing industry have strict requirements and performance expectations that are understandably stricter than your normal industrial lubricants. There are currently three categories of food grade lubricants, these categories are broken down into H1, H2 and H3 lubricants.

These food grade designations categories were originally created by the United States Department of Agriculture. The H1 category of food lubricants focuses on food-processing environments where an incidental food contamination is possible. The H2 category focuses on food grade lubricants that are used specifically on equipment and machine related parts in areas where the possibility of contact is limited. The final category is the H3 category which is associated with food grade lubricants that are edible oils. These oils are used to prevent corrosion on trolleys, hooks and similar equipment.

If you still are not convinced of the importance of food safe lubricants here are some stories of how neglecting to use the proper lubricants can come back to hurt you. In 1998 Smithfield Foods recalled 490,000 pounds of smoked boneless hams due to contamination. The food was contaminated by non food grade gear lube and was reported when customers started reporting a foul taste and a burning in the throat from eating the contaminated ham hydrareloads.com. Another case occurred in 2000 when 86,000 pounds of deli meats were recalled due to non food grade lubrication contamination. These consumers reported an odd odor and flavor in the meat. A few people also said they experienced temporary intestinal problems. After citing these accidents you can see the importance of using food safe lubricants to protect your products and company image.

Family Law Explained

Family law is the branch of law which deals with all maters related to family unit and other domestic relations such as surrogacy and adoption, domestic partnerships, civil unions, marriage, divorce, child abduction, child abuse matters, child neglect, child maintenance, child adoption, paternity cases, child visitation rights, child custody, alimony, division of family property, etc.

All courts in the world have reported increase in family law as parties divorce, adopt children, contest paternity suits, etc.

According to family law lawyers, this branch of law is different from the other branches because it touches on sensitive private matters. Sometimes, the family lawyers act as counselors, mediators, conciliators, negotiators, etc. The courts that adjudicate on family law matters sometimes also act mediators as they try to reconcile members of the same family to solve their issues is amicably so as to preserve their relationship.

The substance of this type of law varies from one jurisdiction to the other because the principles that underpin it are largely borrowed from the society. For example, in societies where same sex relationships are not accepted, this kind of law requires that such union cannot be recognized as marriage in courts of law.

Like all the other branches of law, family law has undergone many transformations in an attempt to address the mediate issues in families. For instance, most societies have attempted to legalize 'come we stay' relationships if the parties involved live together for certain period of time.

One if the most popular modern trends in family law is the collaborative law which refers to structured process which provides parties seeking divorces or parties involved in other disputes an alternative names of resolving their dispute rather than a going through the costly, lengthy litigation process in courts. Collaborative law allows the parties to marriage or proposed civil union to take the control of their destiny by hiring family lawyers committed to the process of resolving disputes in family and relationships within family setting amicably through discussions and negotiations without the courts being involved.

The reason why modern family law discourages the parties from going to court is that courts decision have win-lose outlook. The court litigation is also complex, and as is the case with all matters of law is costly and may take long time to solve the matters.

In collaborative family law, disputes between family members can be settled amicably so as to ensure that their relationship as family is preserved. The collaborative family lawyers agree that they will not represent their respective parties in court litigation if either party decides to go to court. In the jurisdictions where is has been applied, collaborative family law has achieved good results in the amicable solution of family disputes. In some instances, it has successfully reconciled parties who would otherwise have divorced had the matter been decided by the courts.

Collaborative family law is not only advantageous in holding together families but also less stressful for the family lawyers. It ensures speedy, amicable resolution of disputes within the family

To those unsure of what family law is, what it covers, what it provides and what it necessarily includes by definition, it is that branch or specialty of law that deals with family related issues and domestic controversies like marriage, divorce, domestic partnership, property arrangements, civil unions, adoption, child care, support and custody, marital rights and prerogatives and all other incidental issue that may originate from the family as a whole.

The practice of family law is conducted inside family courts established by state and federal laws. In family law, a lawyer becomes more than just a professional that provides legal assistance, he assumes the position of a marital or family counselor who identifies the issues that needs discussion and resolution and advises what immediate recourse is needed to lessen the impact of the controversies to the family as a whole.

A family lawyer is tasked to assess the legal extent of every right, eliminate overlaps in the functions of family members and advice against unnecessary litigation where reconciliation is possible.

Family law generally covers issues on divorce litigation, from property arrangements to getting to the very root of who caused the marriage to split apart. It greatly covers child care and support; in full length it protects the rights of the child and their adoption, also, legitimation or paternity determination.

Among spousal conflicts, it defines the support needed to be sustained, the rights to be observed, the obligations to be fulfilled and the courtesy to be extended.

As to property issues that may arise from other marital or family conflict, it covers extensively the division of assets and liabilities, the protection and delivery of legitimate to successors or rightful legatees and devises.

It is also the avenue to bring cases for neglect and abuse both for maternal or paternal authority, where the possibility of termination of parental rights may be adjudged against the neglectful or abusive parent or spouse.

All other issues that are not clearly identified to be under family law, but directly affect or is affected by family relations may be litigated.

What is family law really concerned about? In Family law can you see that the right of every member of the family are identified.

The marital obligations between husband and wives, the responsibilities that comes with domestic partnerships and other civil unions are embodied in principles of the law.

The rights protected between spouses and partners do not distinguish between gender, status, race or denomination www.incourt.co.uk. The rights of the children legitimate and illegitimate as well s the extent of the adopted rights are covered under this category of law.

Rights between and among family members either by descendant to ascendant or vice versa, between collateral bloodlines are fully discussed and given priority and attention in this field of law.

Family law is a special field in the practice of law that requires knowledge and expertise in law and psychological tendency to build a profile for each family member without compromising the need of one after the other unless between opposing parties.

Safely Mowing An Overgrown Lawn

There are many reasons why lawns are left to become overgrown, the property may have been left vacant for a long period of time, the property may be rented and the gardens not cared about by either the owner or the tenant, a busy lifestyle may just push our lawn care routines so low to the bottom of our list of priorities that we realize one day we have a real problem with an unsightly overgrown yard that now needs to be dealt with.

No matter the reason why our turf may have become overgrown, it's now time to deal with the problem and to bring our lawns back into full health and control once more. However, mowing an overgrown lawn can bring risk of damage to the lawn if we're not careful in how we go about cutting back the excess growth, as mowing an overgrown lawn can actually result in severely damaging the lawn or perhaps even killing the lawn if the mowing is not done correctly.

Why Mowing An Overgrown Lawn Can Cause Damage

All growth of lawns comes from a part of the grass called a crown. It is from these crowns which spring forth new runners in warm season grasses, as well as new lawn leaf material in all grasses. If these crowns are damaged or removed during lawn mowing then it becomes impossible for new lawn growth to occur at all, which in turn can kill the grass in any affected turf areas where this occurs.

In cool season grasses, if we kill the crowns the entire affected area of turf will also die as a result. However for some warm season grasses such as Zoysia and Bermuda grasses, these lawn types also have underground runners which can repair a lawn where the above surface lawn has been killed or had its crowns removed with lawn mowing. Though it is not a guarantee that all warm season lawns will repair when they are severely damaged.

The problem we have with overgrown turf is that these crowns can raise far higher above the soil level whenever the lawn becomes overgrown. Then when we mow the overgrown lawn at our regular lawn mowing heights, we can in fact be removing the now raised crowns in the lawn mowing process, thus severely damaging or even killing the lawn in the affected area where this has occurred.

We therefore need to adjust our mowing practice whenever we are tackling an overgrown lawn to bring it back into an orderly state.

Mowing An Overgrown Lawn Safely

If we are going to begin to mow our yards more frequently from now on, then the very best solution for us in managing an overgrown grass is to slowly reduce lawn mowing heights over time. Not taking too much leaf material off in the first lawn mowing, and then perhaps slowly reducing lawn mowing heights at every third service, until slowly we get our lawns back to their optimal mowing heights.

This method is the safest of all, and while it does take some time to bring our lawns back to their best appearance, it will never risk damaging the turf. What is happening in this process is two-fold: firstly we are never removing these crowns while lawn mowing, so the grass doesn't die off; secondly, as the turf is slowly being lowered over time, the turf will adjust itself to this new growing environment by continuously growing all its new crowns at the lower heights that we have introduced. Slowly, over time, we have safely lowered the lawn height and safely trained the lawn to grow all new crowns lower and closer to the soil level where they belong.

Mowing An Overgrown Lawn In A Single Lawn Mowing

As already discussed, this will be safer to do with a warm season lawn than with a cool season lawn, so the risk and results of this remain with the lawn owner or whomever is mowing the overgrown lawn.

If this is a single lawn mowing meant to quickly tidy up an overgrown lawn, then it would also be expected that we wouldn't want to kill the lawn in the process. Therefore the best method of mowing an overgrown lawn which is not going to be regularly mowed thereafter would be to mow the lawn at the highest height possible which is acceptable to the lawn owner.

By mowing at this higher height we are doing our very best not to be damaging or removing too many grass crowns during the lawn mowing process, therefore this will give us our best result to maintain a lawn which remains alive and in the best possible health after this lawn mowing. While the lawn will not look at its best, it is the safest possible option for us in this situation and to ensure the ongoing survival of the lawn.

Final Notes About Mowing Long Grass

There are often hidden obstacles in long overgrown grass, this could be anything from rocks, toys, glass, tools, or any manner of things. Such objects could become dangerous if hit with lawn mower blades, creating a projectile which risks damage to people or property. Therefore all long grass areas should be carefully checked prior to any lawn mowing taking place.

Finally, whenever we remove a lot of grass leaf material with a single mowing, we are going to be cutting into the brown thatch layer of the turf, and the longer the lawn becomes, so too will the thatch layer increase in height also https://gardengeekslandscaping.com/. Therefore we should expect a browning off on the grass wherever a lot of green leaf has been removed at once. As long as the lawn is properly watered and cared for after the lawn mowing, this thatch layer should decrease over a short period of time and new green leaf grown by the lawn.

Touch Screen Mobile Phones

Nokia is one of the leading mobile phone makers in Europe and they really have excelled in this market. Far East and American cell phone makers have tried to break their hold on the consumer and smart phone market by offering cheaper alternatives, but Nokia has retained its place as a leader. Nokia touch screen mobile phones are considered some of the best mobile phones with their technology.

Although the inventor of resistive touch technology Dr Andrew Hsu patented his system in 1999, cell phone manufacturers were not too keen on launching it. It was not until 2008 when Apple launched the iPhone that touch screen technology entered the mainstream mobile phone market.

Nokia launched its first touch screen mobile - the 7710 in 2004, although due to its comparatively high cost, it never became very popular. But after Apple's success the company revisited its touch screen technology and launched several phones that used resistive touch technology. Today the company has a substantial range of touch mobiles in the market and there are several more in the pipeline that will soon be launched. Touch screen technology has added a new convenience for users and the technology is firmly embedded in the market.

Nokia has three X6 phones that are quite popular: the 8GB, 32GB and 16GB. Another popular touch screen model from Nokia is the Nokia C6. The N97 mini and the N9000 are particularly popular across Europe.

Mobile phone manufacturers have recognised the diverse market of mobile phone users and have started making phones that appeal to the various market segments. Younger people want cheaper phones with camera and music facilities without having to compromise on the quality and technology integrated into the device.

Some touch screen mobile phones that will be launched soon are the Nokia 5250, X3 touch and type, the new N8 and the navigation edition of the 5800 Smartphone, which includes a comprehensive mapping service. What the mobile phone users want are features like FM radio, Bluetooth connectivity, internet browser, camera and video recorder.

Larger screens are generally integrated into the mobiles, and this makes them useful as media players. Because you don't generally have a keypad on the front of the phone, the screen will normally take up a larger share, and this makes it easier to use.

The X6 series, Nokia C6, N97 mini and the N9000 have screens that are at least 2". Nokia has realised that phones with a large screen are what the market demands, and in order to accommodate this, more and more of their phones are being distributed with a screen of more than 3.5 inches, making them into mini-tablets.

Touch screen technology is becoming very popular among consumers in the United States. There are many electronic services and products that are using this technology. Touch screen technology is making everything much safer, easier and more fun to use. It takes little effort to find and change a song on a modern touch screen car stereo and that is really important because now driving is in focus. Besides car stereos, touch screen technology is now making it easy to buy tickets online, do online banking, play games and a lot more. As we all know, the prices of electronic products are decreasing and touch screen car stereos are being affected too! And that's good news because, for many people, touch screen car stereos were very expensive car accessories for a number of years, but not anymore. The prices in the gadget industry are rapidly changing and becoming more affordable.

A car stereo has been developed from a simple device where you could have listed to your favorite radio station or maybe played a CD. Quite a big number of new functions have been added to make the most modern and exciting stereos ever! You can now play your music files from a CD or a DVD (MP3, WMA, AAC audio formats are supported). A portable music player like iPod or any other MP3 player is also compatible and it can be connected to the stereo. You can even load your music from a MMC or SD card - these types of cards are mainly found in digital cameras. So as you can see, there are a lot of options and you can use the one you like the most https://doubledinguide.com/. As far as video files go, all I can say is that almost every major video format is supported. Here is just a short list: MP4, WMV, XVID, DIVX, MPEG etc. Video files can be loaded from the same sources as the audio files.

There are many manufacturers that offer touch screen car stereo, and here are some of the more popular ones: Sony, Jensen, Alpine, Kenwood, Clarion, Planet Audio, BOSS, Absolute, Pyle, Power Acoustic, Sound Stream, TKO Audio, Quantum FX, JVC, Legacy and DTI. Most of them offer a 7-inch adjustable screen, but there are also 5-inch versions. The "adjustable" means that you can angle the monitor and that makes is very comfortable to watch. The crisp touch-screen makes navigation easier and smoother. The sound quality is awesome. Some of the models even include a GPS system, others have an option for it. Bluetooth technology is available to connect your headset.

Clothing and Accessories For You

"Finding the Right Attire for Every Occasion"

Personal grooming and the way we dress makes an important first impression. It follows then that making an effort to find, high quality, durable clothing and accessories pays off. Looking good does more than create impressions on others at work or socially, it shows that we value ourselves when we make the best of our looks. Everyone has their own sense of style, and it is important to respect each others different looks and beliefs. As we go through life our sense of style changes according to our personal identity. Believe it or not, we self-project a great deal through the way we dress, often subconsciously. Looking professional in the business world is essential. It could be a relevant factor as to whether you get a work opportunity, promotion or a raise. If you are not properly dressed your employers may prefer selecting someone else who has spent more time on their attire and personal appearance. Outrageous you may say? While it is not commonly openly admitted, it is a fact that personal grooming, clothing and our style of dress communicate a great deal about who we are.

"Clothing & Accessories: Shopping Online"

Remember being young, fun and carefree? In our younger days the focus centres more on having fun for the weekend rather than on dress. As we grow up and get into our busy working lives, the fun should not stop, nor should your dedication to looking good. Having the right clothing and accessories for all occasions makes life easier. Knowing where to find the best products, and the ones that fit your personal sense of style can take some time and effort. Shopping online is a useful way to find great deals on high quality clothing and accessories and can save you a lot of time. Being able to shop from the comfort of your own home in your comfortably styled pyjamas beats an hours drive, finding parking, and wading through busy stores. Clothing and accessories do not have to be expensive. Style and looking good does not have a price tag to it. One does not have to "dress to the nines" to look great. It is possible to appear impeccably attired in simple affordable clothing. Then there are those who do not take care and manage to look sloppily attired in the most expensive clothing.

"Finding the Best Clothing and Accessories"

So your best friend comes over and remarks that you could use some more style. You can either be offended or consider if the comment has credibility. Taking feedback from others whom you know to have good taste is very helpful. Perhaps it is time to expand your wardrobe and not wear the same item of clothing over and over again. No matter what age we are, we could all use a change in clothing and style from time to time. It is crucial to wear clothes that suit you and fit well and others may have a better eye than you for this. Buying clothing and accessories that complement your looks is significant to your own brand of marketing either in personal or business relationships. So next time a friend gives you advice think it over. They may indeed be tripping, and may be the one who requires a makeover. Or they could be on point. You can start your research by looking at websites online that offer clothing that appeals to you. The next step is to do price comparisons and see who offers high quality products at prices you find suitable. Whatever effort you expend on the task of acquiring clothing and accessories to suit your personal style, it will not be wasted. After all, we deserve to take pride in our appearance and improve the environment for others too.

Let's admit it. We've all ordered dog clothes before and found they didn't fit properly. This can be both frustrating and time consuming, especially when you may have needed the clothing by a certain time and now you don't have it! The most common problem among dog clothing manufacturers is that there are problems with standardization in their sizing charts. Not all dog clothing is created equal. This makes it imperative that you become proficient at determining the proper size of your pet when ordering dog clothes and accessories, and to order the products based on your dog's actual measurements and not the manufacturer's sizes.

For clothing, there are three primary measurements that need to be considered, and you'll need a cloth measuring tape:

1. First, measure the portion around your dog's neck where a collar would be resting. Not only will this help you determine size for a collar, but also for sweaters, jackets, hoodies etc.

2. Next, measure the chest, by taking the tape directly behind the dog's front legs and all the way around the back. This is very important, because if you don't get the proper fit, the dog may have a difficult time walking properly in the outfit

3. Finally, measure the length from the base of the neck to the base of the tail. This too is a very important measurement to have.

Some other important considerations:

If your dog's measurements fall between two sizes, it is best to choose the larger size.

If your dog is not fully grown, continue to re-measure him at regular intervals, so you'll always have current sizing.

Many owners use weight or breed as a guide for sizing. I wouldn't recommend this. I've seen too many instances where this turned out to be inaccurate.

Taking a few extra minutes to get the true measurements for your pet will be a huge time saver for you down the road, and also assure that your baby will be warm and comfortable with a perfect fit every time https://assortment-gallery.com/. To learn more about the must-have items for your favorite pooch, visit how to measure your dog for clothes and get all the details!